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| Konwledge of Wine Renewal 2005.09.06
Cooking wine / Moscatel / Wine cellar / P cont. / Angel's share / Heidelberg Tun / Barrel (storage) / Rose / Winery / Kosher wine / Jug wine / Pomace wine / Heuriger / Champ!
agne flute / Vin gris / Bottle / Lachryma Christi / Vintage / Vintner / Cellar door
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Grog''; circa 1905''; 31 July, 1970: ''For the fictional alien species the ''Grog'' (or ''sessile grog''), from Larry Niven's Known Space universe, see Thrintun and Tnuctipun.'': ''Grog is also a type of clay, see Grog (clay).''Grog is an alcoholic beverage made with water and rum. It was introduced into the Royal Navy by British Vice Admiral Edward Vernon on 21 August, 1740. Modern versions of the drink sometimes include lemon juice, lime (fruit)|lime juice, cinnamon or sugar to improve the taste. Rum with water, sugar and nutmeg was known as Bumboo and was more popular with pirates and merchantmen.Man discovered long ago that he could not drink the sea water and required significant quantities of fresh water on extended voyages. Unable to Desalination|desalinate the sea water, water was taken on board in casks but quickly developed algae and became slimy. Stagnant water was sweetened with beer or wine to make it palatable which involved more casks and subject to spoilage. A! s longer voyages became more common, the task of stowage became more and more difficult and the sailors' then daily ration of a gallon of beer began to add up.Following Britan's conquest of Jamaica in 1655, a half pint or "gill" of rum gradually replaced beer and brandy as the drink of choice. Given to the sailor straight, this caused additional problems, as some sailors would save up the rum rations for several days, then drink them all at once. Due to the subsequent illness and disciplinary problems, the rum was mixed with water. This both diluted its Drunkenness|effects, and would make it spoil faster. A half pint of rum mixed with one quart of water, and issued in two servings before noon and after the end of the working day became part of the official regulations of the Royal Navy in 1756 and spanned for over two centuries after.When it was determined that daily doses of Vitamin C|vitamin C prevented the disease scurvy, citrus juice (usually lime or lemon juice) was ! added to the recipe. The sailors named the watered down drink ! ''"grog" '', after its inventor — the Admiral Edward "Old Grog" Vernon, so named for the grogram coat he wore.The practice of serving ''grog'' twice a day was carried over into the Continental Navy and the United States Navy|U. S. Navy. Robert Smith (U.S. politician)|Robert Smith, then United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy, experimented with substituting native Rye whisky|rye whiskey for the imported rum concoction. Finding the American sailors preferred it, he made the change permanent. It is said his sailors followed the practice of their British antecedents and took to calling it "Bob Smith" instead of ''grog''.Although the American Navy ended the rum ration on September 1, 1862, the ration continued in the Royal Navy. The Temperance movement|temperance movements of the late 19th century began to change the attitude toward drink and the days of ''grog'' slowly came to an end. On January 28, 1970 the "Great Rum Debate" took place in the House of Commons, ! and on July 30, 1970 the last Boatswain's pipe|pipe of "Up Spirits" in the Royal Navy was heard and is refered today as "Black Tot Day"''Until the grog ration was discontinued in 1970, Navy rum was 95.5 proof, or 54.6 per cent alcohol; the usual ration was an eighth of a pint, diluted 2:1 with water (3:1 until World War II). Extra rum rations were provided for special celebrations, like Trafalgar Day, and sailors might share their ration with the cook or with a messmate celebrating a birthday.Over time the distribution of the rum ration became encrusted with elaborate ritual. At 11am the bosun’s mate piped 'Up spirits,' the signal for the petty officer of the day to climb to the quarterdeck and collect (1) the keys to the spirit room from an officer, (2) the ship's cooper, and (3)a detachment of Royal Marines. In procession, they unlocked the door of the spirit room, and witnessed the pumping into a keg of one eighth pint of rum for every rating and petty officer on ! the ship aged 19 or more and not under punishment. Two marines! lifted the keg to the deck, standing guard while a file of cooks from the petty officers' messes held out their jugs. The sergeant of marines poured the ration under direction of the chief steward, who announced the number of drinking men present in each petty officer's mess. The rest of the rum was mixed in a tub with two parts water, becoming the grog provided to the ratings.At noon the boatswain's mate piped 'Muster for rum', and the cooks from each mess presented with tin buckets. The sergeant of marines ladled out the authorized number of “tots” (half-pints) supervised by the petty officer of the day. The few tots of grog remaining in the tub ('plushers') was poured into the drains (“scuppers” ) visibly running into the sea. The petty officers were served first, and entitled to take their rum undiluted. The ratings drank their grog in one long gulp when they finished their work around noon.In Australia|Australian and Sweden|Swedish popular culture, ! ''grog'' can refer to any alcoholic beverage. Grog Myths and StoriesA popular story has been passed around sailing circles and on the internet regarding the consumption of alcohol on board 18th century Naval vessels. While its origins are dubious, it does attest to the love sailors have for their spirits.:''The U.S.S. Constitution, as a combat vessel carried 48,600 gallons of fresh water for her crew of 475 officers and men. This was sufficient to last six months of sustained operations at sea. She carried no evaporators (fresh water distillers). However, let it be noted that according to her log, "On July 27, 1798, the U.S.S. Constitution sailed from Boston with a full complement of 475 officers and men, 48,600 gallons of fresh water, 7,400 cannon shot, 11,600 pounds of black powder and 79,400 gallons of rum."'':''Her mission: "To destroy and harass English shipping."'' :''Making Jamaica on 6 October, she took on 826 pounds of flour and 68,300 gallons of rum. Then she headed for the Azores, arriving there 12 November. She provisioned with 550 pounds of beef and 64,300 gallons of Portuguese wine. On 18 November, she set sail for England. In the ensuing days she defeated five British men-of-war and captured and scuttled 12 English merchantmen, salvaging only the rum aboard each.'' :''By 26 January, her powder and shot were exhausted. Nevertheless, and though unarmed, she made a night raid up the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. Her landing party captured a whiskey distillery and transferred 40,000 gallons of single malt Scotch aboard by dawn.'' :''Then she headed home.'' :''The U.S.S. Constitution arrived in Boston on 20 February 1799, with no cannon shot, no food, no powder, NO rum, NO wine, NO whiskey and 38,600 gallons of stagnant water.' :''GO NAVY!'' Grogs in Games*Grog is mentioned multiple times as a pirate|Pirate's choice of drink in the computer game series, Monkey Island. The Monkey Island version of grog is acidic enough to dissolve a pewter mug, and is also sold in cans through Coca-Cola-style vending machines. According to the Important-Looking Pirates in the first game, grog contains one or more of the following: kerosene propylene glycol sulphuric acid artificial sweeteners red dye no2 rum acetone battery acid SCUMM|scumm axle grease and/or pepperoni.*Grog is also the second-most expensive rum commodity in the online game Puzzle Pirates|Puzzle_Pirates. Swill and Fine Rum are the low-grade and high-grade rum, respectively.*In the free online game Kingdom of Loathing a grog is a beverage that can be drunk. It is made by combining rum and lime items using Coctailcrafting Kit.*On the Internet game Neopets, grog is an item that the player can have. |
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| Alcoholic beverages Renewal 2005.09.05
Daiquiri / A History of Vodka / Vodka / Plymouth Gin / Scotch whisky / Makkoli / Pomace brandy / Gin / Beerenburg / Bombay Sapphire / Chambord (liqueur) / Pulque / Shochu / Chicha / Maotai / Chouchen / Sparks (drink) / Glogg / Rum / Ogogoro
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Cellar_doorCellar door is a combination of words in the English language once characterized by J. R. R. Tolkien to have an especially beautiful sound. In his essay "English and Welsh", commenting on his affection towards the Welsh language, Tolkien wrote:"Most English-speaking people...will admit that ''cellar door'' is 'beautiful', especially if dissociated from its sense (and from its spelling). More beautiful than, say, ''sky'', and far more beautiful than ''beautiful''. Well then, in Welsh for me ''cellar doors'' are extraordinarily frequent, and moving to the higher dimension, the words in which there is pleasure in the contemplation of the association of form and sense are abundant."Tolkien's discourse is the most likely origin of this concept and the only documented one. Nonetheless, this phrase has been subject to a legendary degree of misattribution. In common circulation, this pronouncement is commonly attributed to "a famous linguist". It has also been mistakenly attribu! ted to Edgar Allen Poe, Dorothy Parker, and Robert Frost although no such texts have surfaced. The most detailed account alludes to a statistical survey|survey, possibly conducted around the 1940s, probing the word in the English language generally thought to be the most beautiful. Contributing to this survey, United States|American writer H. L. Mencken supposedly claimed that a China|Chinese student, who knew little or no English, especially liked the phrase ''cellar door'' — not for what it meant, but rather for how it sounded. Some accounts describe the immigrant as Italy|Italian rather than Chinese. Another account suggests that it is a mispronounciation of the French language|French words ''C'est la D'or'', which can be translated as "It is gold".The phrase is also introduced in the 2001 film ''Donnie Darko'', in which the character Ms. Pomeroy, a literature teacher, st! ates: "A famous linguist once said that of all the phrases in ! the Engl ish language, of all the endless combinations of words, that ''cellar door'' was the most beautiful." In the DVD commentary, director Richard Kelly (director)|Richard Kelly vaguely attributes this remark to Edgar Allan Poe, though no true evidence of this can be found. |
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| Konwledge of Wine Renewal 2005.09.04
National Wine Centre of Australia / Tun (unit) / Wine / Cooking wine / Screwcap / First Growth / Robert M. Parker, Jr. / P cont. / Farm winery / Terroir / Heuriger / Cork (material) / Mos!
catel / Zweiglt / Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 / Negociant / Lachryma Christi / Jug wine / Sideways / Rose
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FleetBoston_FinancialFleetBoston Financial was a Boston, Massachusetts-based bank created in 1999 by the merger of Fleet Financial Group and BankBoston. In 2004 it merged with Bank of America; all its bank branches were given the Bank of America logo.In its time it was the seventh-largest bank in t! he United States, as measured by assets (US dollar($)197 billion in 2003). It had almost 50,000 employees, over 20 million customers worldwide and revenues of $12 billion per year. During the construction of a sports arena in Boston, FleetBoston acquired the naming rights to the facility, which therefore opened as the FleetCenter in 1995. After FleetBoston's sale to Bank of America, the! bank ch ose to give up its naming rights and an announcement was made on March 3, 2005 that the arena would be renamed TD Banknorth Garden. It is home to the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association and the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League. |
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Bank_of_IsraelThe Bank of Israel is the central bank of Israel. At independence in 1948, the power of note issuance was vested with the Bank Leumi(Anglo-Palestine Bank), which was refounded as Bank Leumi in 1950. Monetary policy and banking supervision remained controlled by the Ministry of Finance. The B! ank of Israel was founded on August 24, 1954, when the Knesset passed the Bank of Israel Act, which passed control over note issuance and banking supervision. Control over foreign exchange was not ceded to the bank until 1978. Since 1992, the bank has set an inflation target and been empowered to manage the monetary policy so as to meet that target. The Bank of Israel is located in Jerusalem, Israel(Jerusalem), with a branch office in Tel Aviv.The current governor is Stanley Fischer. |
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Credit_card_fraudCredit card fraud is one of many form of Bank fraud(frauds) that involve credit cards, charge cards, debit cards, or prepaid cards.Typically, the fraudster causes a credit card of another person to be charged for a purchase. Today, half of all credit card fraud is conducted online, meaning that the fraudsters make online purchases with the credit card details of other people.* "mail non-receipt fraud" is when a new or replacement card is sent by the bank, never to be received by the ! intended recipient. Many banks send out ''inactive'' cards, which will not be authorised until the account holder confirms their identify and card number. * "chargeback fraud" is when a legitimate cardholder uses the card to purchase goods, or a service, and then when the statement comes, claims that they never authorised the transaction, or they never received goods or service ordered. * "skimming" is when an unscrupulous employee at a legitimate merchant takes a second copy of the card details magnetic strip before processing the payment through the official EPOS terminal. This copy of card details, is sold on the black market to fraudsters who clone the cards. skimming of magnetic stripe details has become slightly less prevalent after the introduction of CVV or CVS codes, which are not encoded on the magnetic strip, but are printed on the card - normally on the reverse of the card. skimming of magnetic stripe details together with recording of PIN numbers entered into Automatic teller machine(ATM)s has been seen, where a small skimmer device that reads the magnetic stripe is attached to the card slot of an ATM, together with various devices to monitor the keypad, either by attaching a fake fascia over the genuine keypad, or by a spy camera.Additional terminology used with credit card fraud are: * Chargeback * Arbitration * On-us transactions * Not On-us transactions * Retrieval Requests * Compliance * Pre-compliance * Pre-arbitration * Representment |
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The_National_Commercial_Bank_Limited. The National Commercial Bank Limited (simplified Chinese: ) was a bank based in Hong Kong, although it was incorporated in Mainland China and had operations there until 1954. It was part of the Bank of China Group and was subsumed by Bank of China(Hong Kong)( Limited) in 2001. |
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Bank_of_the_State_of_GeorgiaThe Bank of the State of Georgia was organized in Atlanta on April 1,1873. The founders were Francis M. Coker (who served as president), Lemuel P. Grant, developer Thomas G. Healey and future mayor Robert F. Maddox. It was liquidated in 1917. |
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